By Farooq A. Kperogi, Ph.D.
In the spirit of America’s Black History Month
(which is celebrated every February), I have chosen to write on a really uncomfortable
subject-matter: the unkind things American blacks and African immigrants in
America say to each other either good-humoredly or in moments of inflamed
passions.
About three years ago, my then 6-year-old daughter
came back from school looking noticeably anguished. The first thing she said to
me was, “daddy, what does ‘African booty scratcher’ mean?” I had never heard
that expression before, but it struck me as singularly hilarious. So I laughed
out loud. But my daughter didn’t share in my fun. “That isn’t funny, daddy!
It’s a really mean insult.”
She was right. “African booty scratcher” is an insulting
phrase that American blacks reserve for African immigrants in America. My
daughter said it was her African-American classmates (toward whom she gravitated
when she first got here) that called her an “African booty scratcher.” She knew
it was no compliment because other students laughed boisterously at her expense. She reported them to the school principal
(American elementary schools have “principals,” not “headmasters”) who punished
them.
But my daughter still wanted to know what in the world
an “African booty scratcher” meant. I
know “booty” is the slang term for “buttocks” in (African) American English,
and a scratcher is one who scratches a body part to relieve an itch. That means
an "African booty scratcher" is an African who habitually scratches his buttocks.
But I knew it had to mean more than that.
I called some
of my African-American friends to ask what they knew about the expression. It wasn’t a pleasant discussion for them. So I
turned to the Internet for answers. It turned out that the expression has
existed in black American vernacular speech since at least the 1970s. It grew
out of the stereotypical images of poor, starving, barefooted, barely clothed
African children in “Save the Children” or “CARE” commercials on American TVs.
The commercials showed, as they still do, African children in tattered, begrimed
clothes driving away flies and scratching several parts of their bodies. It
speaks to American pop culture’s prurient fixation that, of all the body parts
children in the TV commercials scratch, they chose to isolate the “booty.”
A hugely popular and critically acclaimed 1991
African-American movie titled “Boyz
N The Hood” gave wings to the expression. The protagonist of
the movie, 10-year-old Tre Styles, tells his class
that everybody is from Africa. “Did you know that Africa is where the body of
the first man was found? My daddy says that's where all people originated from.
That means everybody's really from Africa. Everybody. All y'all. Everybody,” he
says.
But a dark-skinned boy in the class rejects the
suggestion that he is from Africa. "I ain't from Africa. I'm from Crenshaw
Mafia," he says, referring to his membership of a gang in Crenshaw, a
predominantly black neighborhood in Los Angeles.
“Like it or not, you from Africa,” the protagonist
insists. But the black boy couldn’t bear to think he’s African. “I ain't from
Africa. You from Africa. You African
booty-scratcher!” he shot back.
This shows the term is also a self-deprecatory
epithet for African Americans. Of course, the term’s derogation derives from
its association with Africa.
Until my daughter caused me to research the term,
the only insulting expression I knew African Americans had for Africans was
“jungle bunny.” Never mind that almost half of Africa is desert and only
about 20 percent is jungle or rainforest! I've also found out that "jungle bunny" isn't used only against Africans but also among African Americans.
But it isn’t only African Americans who have
insulting expressions for African immigrants. Our people also call American
blacks “Akata.” When one of my African-American friends asked me what the term
meant two years ago, I felt the same sensation of discomfort that my
African-American friends must have felt when I asked them about “African booty
scratcher.”
The truth is that I had never heard the term “Akata”
until I came here. It is a Yoruba word for “wild cat,” which encapsulates the
impressions that registered in the minds of the first Yoruba immigrants to
America about African Americans: that they are wild, rude, impetuous,
aggressive, and uncultured. This is, of course, a crude, vulgar, and unrepresentative impression of American blacks. African-American pop culture has popularized the
notion that the term means “cotton picker” or “slave,” or “nigger,” but that’s
completely inaccurate.
Over the years, “Akata” has evolved from being an exclusively
derogatory term that Yoruba immigrants hurled at African Americans to an
inoffensive descriptive term used by most African (not just Nigerian)
immigrants here to refer to African Americans. The word can also function as an
adjective, as in “Akata culture,” “Akata music,” etc., although there is often
a thinly veiled whiff of condescension and disdain when the term is used
attributively. Plus, African Americans
understand the term to be insulting irrespective of its semantic evolution
among African immigrants.
A Ghanaian professor by the name of George Ayittey
who used to teach at the American University in Washington, DC once said “Akata”
is the corruption of “I gotta.” He speculated that African immigrants in
America called American blacks “Agata” and later “Akata” because of the
excessive frequency of “I gotta” in the speech of African Americans—in the same
way that Yoruba people are derisively called “Ngbati” in Nigeria because of the
disproportionate occurrence of the word “ngbati” (which roughly means “when,”
but which sometimes functions as a hesitation filler) in their demotic speech.
But Ayittey’s theory is implausible. A man who said
it was his uncle who coined the term “Akata” to refer to African Americans in
the 1960s disputed Ayittey’s proposition. Interestingly, many Yoruba people I
spoke with in Nigeria told me “Akata” is not part of the active idiolect of
contemporary spoken Yoruba.
The exchange of ethnic slurs isn’t limited to
African Americans and African immigrants in America. (Wikipedia has a huge
repertoire of racial and ethnic slurs that several groups
throw at each other). And it certainly isn’t the only feature of the
relationship between the two groups. But given the historical and racial
affinities between Africans and African Americans—and the expectation of cordiality,
acceptance, and courtesy between them—these slurs can activate painful expectancy
violations.
Related Articles:
